The Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations

The Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, a novel released in 1861 about social criticism, is a story of a young boy named Pip who was in struggle to find his fortune or to be successful rather than to be confined on being a common man of his time. The novel was set in the mid-nineteenth century and took place in the town of Kent and London, England. Using the first person point of view, Pip, the protagonist in the novel talked about his childhood in the first few chapters of the book, describing his life, the first encounter with the convict who will soon changed his fortune in the following chapters.He also mentioned the development of his fascination and later on love for Estella, who was trained to break a man’s heart. Unlike the traditional the traditional novels and story structure, the novel of Dickens does not contain a particular antagonist, rather, he visualized some people who will affect the existence of Pip. He made several characters who took charge of the antagonism in the novel in the person of Magwitch, Estella, Orlick, Miss Havisham, Compeyson and Bentley Drummle. They will cause some of Pip’s misfortune and struggles.Magwitch, Miss Havisham and Estella, in the end of the novel redeemed themselves and reconciled with Pip (Dickens, n. pag). The novel housed many symbols which were explained through the actions of the characters. The clocks which were stopped in the house of Miss Havisham symbolize her attempt to stop time while the other objects like handcuffs, convicts, file and chains stands for guilt and innocence. Joe, the husband of Pip’s sister is the conscience and loyalty. These symbols helped the protagonist to further develop his character (Philips & Cheng, n.pag).In mixed tones of cheerfulness, dramatic and sympathetic storytelling, Pip showed what his life was all about, what happened to him and what happened to his desire of being trained as a gentleman in the world wherein common people weren’t en ough to be respected and treated fairly. Although the novel talked about several crimes and dealt with such criminality, these made Pip a person of much desire. The novel ended when they failed to help Magwitch escape from being imprisoned, following his death.Miss Havisham was redeemed in the end while Estella and Pip were reconciled with each other. Pip had reconciliation with Joe also and the story ended with Pip and Estella walked hand in hand and promised never to part again (Dickens, n. pag). It is quite interesting that Charles Dickens’ worked on two endings for this novel. The natural writer have a fix idea or story in mind thus, any criticism will not prevent him from publishing what he does like. In this case, Charles Dickens was influenced by what the people might think of the novel.Instead of giving the readers a tragic and sad ending, he ventured into following the suggestion of his good friend Edward Bulwer to give a happy ending so that he people will be happy with what happened between the characters. While his critics thought that the ending published was less of reality, the people who embraced the happy ending the original ending was too harsh and thought that their past is actually a bridge for them to be together in the end of the novel. They pointed out that their experiences would lead them into mutual development and soon will help both to realize that they were in love with each other (Philips & Cheng, n.pag).The second ending were Estella and Pip reconciled and walked away holding hands was the one published because of Dickens’ desire to somehow please his readers while the original ending was left hanging and was not used to justify the ending of the story. Like the critics of Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, I go in favor with them that the ending used was not appropriate and that it does depict reality. It is quite impossible that after what happened between him and Estella, he would remain to love her desp ite of her being that girl who broke his heart.The original ending is far more considerate and realistic in the sense that in life, it is quite impossible to retain the love you feel for the person after going through so many troubles somehow caused by the same person. Also, the difference in their status and the way they were raised is a very big factor why they should not be brought back together. The way that Estella judged Pip because of his status and the fact that he is just a common person, is enough evidence that the two will not be compatible with one another.In the end, their reunion and reconciliation with each other did not give a better look of reality and it also did not simply give a better justification with the fallen expectations which Pip had. The ending also foreshadowed the main idea of having a fair and equal ending. It also shows that those people who have hurt us can be given a chance to hurt us more for the second time. Although I don’t really critici ze the ending of the novel, I would just want to give an opinion regarding the reality that the book should have.Although it was an autobiography fiction, it should still have a touch of reality in it so that it will be more convincing. Analyzing the background of both Pip and Estella, there was really no hint that the latter will fall in love with the former and that their common pasts of being deceive and fooled does not justify the reason that they became compatible with it. In the end, whether it was a bad ending or a favored ending, the novel brought realization and many teachings to the readers thus, it opens the mind of a person and it somehow touches the heart of someone who gives too much attention of their life expectations.

Concepts of Morality Essay

Define and compare the concepts of morality, law, and religion by explaining the source of each and whether one or all rely upon each other. Morality has to do with our ideas regarding what is right and what is wrong and how right and wrong behavior should be punished and rewarded. http://www. education. com/reference/article/moral-concepts-children/. As with the law and religion parts, they rely upon each other by the minds of many people. When religious leaders speak out on moral topics, their opinions are often treated with special deference. They are regarded as â€Å"moral experts. † This raises the question of: â€Å"Whether morality depends in some way on religion? † The answer to this question may be of considerable practical importance. If morality does depend on religion, the process of secularization, in the course of which religious belief and practice wither away, seems to pose a serious threat to morality. Most of the discussion in this entry will address the issue of whether moral requirements (obligations) and prohibitions (wrongness) depend on a deity of the sort to which the major monotheisms of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are committed. Discussions of whether morality depends on religion frequently focus exclusively on the deontological domain. Deontology consists of a system of requirements, permissions, and prohibitions. It is structurally similar to systems of law. Hence it’s natural to think of deontology as the domain of moral law. The question arises as to whether moral law’s binding force depends on the authority of a divine lawgiver or religion belief expert. http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1G2-3446801737. html.

Social Marketing Company (Smc)

Social Marketing: A Success Story in Bangladesh Mahbubur Rahman, MA, MBA 1 and Toslim Uddin Khan, MA, MSS, MBA 2 Social Marketing Company (SMC) is the largest privately managed social marketing organization in the world for a single country. It is a significant contributor to the reproductive and child health services in Bangladesh. The on-going social marketing programs of SMC include family planning, child health, disease prevention and maternal and neonatal health.SMC's mission is to improve the quality of lives of vulnerable and less privileged population primarily in public health issues through sustainable social marketing efforts in collaboration with national and international governments and donors. Social marketing is the application of commercial management techniques for popularizing and selling products and services that offer clear benefits to the people at prices they can buy. Thus, easy accessibility through wide availability and high affordability forms the key eleme nt of social marketing.The model of social marketing SMC adopted and continues to practice has two components – multi-strategy communications for initiating desired behavior change, and suitable, affordable, readily accessible product and service for sustaining the changed behavior using the techniques of commercial marketing. Because of its remarkable success and its sheer size, social marketing in Bangladesh has become a model of best practices and attracted international attention.Two premier USA based graduate schools of business included the case study on social marketing program in Bangladesh in their curricula, which is an entire chapter of the renowned book titled â€Å"Let Every Child Be Wanted: How Social Marketing Is Revolutionizing Contraceptive Use Around the World† written by Philip D. Harvey. The case on SMC is also included in the â€Å"Asian Marketing Casebook† written by Noel Capon and Wilferied R. Vanhonacker. SMC is ISO 9001-2000 certified co mpany.The company is awarded International Star Award for Leadership in Quality (ISLQ) in 2008 by the Business Initiative Directions (BID) a Madrid-based business organization committed to build better business reputation worldwide. Contribution of SMC to the National Program Social marketing of contraceptives and ORS has proven to be a major contributor to achievement of the health and population objectives of the Government of Bangladesh. Population science experts used three critical measures of contraceptive effectiveness – Total Fertility Rate (TFR)3, Couple Year of Protection (CYP)4 and Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR)5.Between 1975 and 2007, the total fertility rate of the country dropped from 6. 3 to 2. 7, and the overall contraceptive prevalence rate among currently married women rose from 8 percent to 56 percent, with modern contraceptive use at 48 percent (BDHS, 2007). SMC is significantly contributing in the modern contraceptive methods to achieve national cont raceptive goals. BDHS shows that 35 percent of the modern contraceptive users use SMC brand contraceptives (four out of ten pill users, six out of 1 Head of Marketing, Social Marketing Company Head or Research and MIS, Social Marketing Company The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman (group of women) during her lifetime 4 It is estimated that one CYP is provided by 150 condoms or 15 oral pill cycles or 4 vials of injectables. 5 Contraceptive prevalence rate is defined as the percent of Married Women of Reproductive Age using family planning method. 2 1 ten condom users and two out of ten injectables users use SMC brand). According to the Consumers Retail Audit, SMC brand condoms have 81 percent share of the retail market while SMC brand OCP have 90 percent of retail market share (ACNielsen, 2008).SMC distributes approximately 100 million pieces of condoms, 40 million cycles of oral pills and one million vials of injectables annually through out the country. ORSaline was launched in late 1985 to enhance the availability of ORS to address mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea among under 5 children in Bangladesh. The usage of packaged ORS in diarroheal cases among the under five children has increased from 61 percent in 2000 to 77 percent in 2007 (BDHS, 2007). According to the Consumers Retail Audit, ORSaline-N brand of SMC is the market leader of ORS retail market with more than 59 percent share (ACNielsen, 2008).SMC distributes approximately 180 million sachets of ORS yearly throughout the country. Evolution of Social Marketing Company The concept of social marketing came to Bangladesh in 1974 when the social marketing project was initiated to challenge rapid population growth by making contraceptive products widely accessible at a price affordable to the general people. The project was initiated by a US-based non-profit organization Population Services International (PSI) in agreement with the Government of Bangladesh (GOB), and wi th funding from United States Agency for International Development (USAID).In 1990, the project transformed into Social Marketing Company – a not-for-profit private limited company, and since being operated under a voluntary Board of Directors consisting of eminent personalities with private and public sector expertise in different fields. From 1997, SMC had been the social marketing partner in the USAID funded National Integrated Population and Health Program (NIPHP) under a Cooperative Agreement. After end of NIPHP, SMC signed a new Cooperative Agreement with USAID as a partner of USAID Bangladesh Health and Population Program (UBHPP) effective from January 2008.Sales and Distribution Network SMC has one of the most established, extensive and efficient distribution networks in Bangladesh. Nationwide coverage is carried out through twelve offices located in major division and district towns of the country. This enables SMC’s a little over 100 men-strong sales force to distribute products to the far-flung outlet promptly and regularly. On an average, about 223,000 outlets are served by SMC sales force each year of which approximately 35 percent are pharmacies and the rest are nonpharmacies including grocery stores and kiosks.Stocks at the sales offices are replenished through large delivery trucks at scheduled intervals. The sales force cover the territory by SMC’s fleet of delivery vans, motorbikes and boats whenever necessary. In order to ensure efficient and secured storage of all SMC products, SMC has constructed a central warehouse (CWH) and a packaging unit located at Bhaluka, Mymensingh in 2008. The CWH is constructed with necessary warehousing needs like adequate passageway for transporting goods, ventilation, natural light or scope for increasing artificial lighting, optimum space areas for stacking goods as per standard storing guidelines.The widespread sales and distribution efforts of SMC contributed to make its products widely available in the retail outlets across the country. The product availability study showed that 84 percent of the retail pharmacy outlets have at least one SMC brand of Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP) while 82 percent pharmacy outlets have at least one SMC brand of condom and 91 percent pharmacy outlets have at least one SMC brand of ORS. In addition to pharmacy outlets, SMC sales condom and ORS in 2 he non-pharmacy outlets as a strategy to increase accessibility and availability of the products. One in every five non-pharmacy retail outlets of the country has SMC brand condom and more than two in every five non-pharmacy retail outlets have SMC brand ORS countrywide (Pathway, 2007). The Table 1 shows the availability of SMC products in the retail outlets. Table 1: Availability of SMC Brand OCP, Condom and ORS by Pharmacy and Non-pharmacy Retail Outlets (in percentage) Brand Pharmacy Non-pharmacy At least one SMC brand OCP 84 na At least one SMC brand Condom 2 21 At least one SMC brand ORS 91 44 Number of Outlets 2400 4800 Use of Innovative Communication Channel for Strategic Behavior Change When social marketing began in Bangladesh, many were skeptical about the feasibility of large-scale information dissemination and advertising of contraceptive products. They were skeptical mostly for three reasons. First, Bangladesh is predominantly Muslim society in which reproductive health was not openly discussed. Second, much of the population was illiterate at that time with limited access to media.Third, the majority of the population was very poor and there were doubts that people could be persuaded to purchase contraceptives when these supplies were available free from other sources. To address the prevailing formidable situation in the mid seventies, SMC launched a strong and innovative communication program to facilitate and sustain behavior changes towards family planning and contraceptive use. The program is now recognized worldwide for its creative use of innova tive channels to communicate generic family planning and health messages and to promote sales of branded products.All modern mass media communication channels including regional and national radio, television, and print media were being utilized from the very beginning. The products have been advertised on billboards, signs, buildings, water tanks, shop boards and banners, rickshaws, shopping bags, at sporting events, and through free promotional distribution. Riverboats carried Raja Condom logos on their sails. The Mobile Film Program (MFP) is a hallmark of social marketing in Bangladesh, and a major factor in making SMC the largest social marketing program in the world.The mobile van fleet presents audio-visual shows that reach hundreds of thousands in rural areas with education on health issues and advertisements of SMC’s products. A recently conducted study on MFP showed that 63 percent of the MFP viewers have learned new information on family planning, 53 percent learned new information on STD/AIDS and 32 percent learned new information on women trafficking watching mobile film program (MRC-MODE, 2007). The pharmacists and non-graduate medical practitioners are one of the major sources of health information and prescriber of medicine, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas.As a part of the comprehensive communication strategy, SMC provides training to approximately 17,000 health providers annually to strengthen their knowledge and skill in order to offer better over-the-counter services including counseling. Brands as Demand Drivers Market segmentation, effective positioning and brand development efforts continue to be a major part of SMC’s strategies, and the company now provides a diverse range of pills and condoms targeted at 3 specific market segments and supported with brand-specific advertising and promotion.The efforts have significantly contributed to increase brand awareness and brand loyalty among the target population. For exa mple, Raja condom was introduced in 1976 and ultimately became synonymous with the word â€Å"condom† in Bangladesh with huge advertising and promotional efforts over the last 32 years. A study on Use of Contraceptive Among the Poor Couples in Bangladesh conducted by ACNielsen explored the reasons for using SMC OCP among the current SMC brand OCP users.About 61 percent SMC brand OCP contraceptive users mentioned the reason as it suits with body while 13 percent mentioned it is widely available, 8 percent mentioned that it is a good quality brand, 9 percent mentioned husband purchases it and 2 percent mentioned that they purchase it due to its lower price (ACNielsen, 2008). SMC sells its contraceptive product brands by positioning them at appropriate market segments. Target market for Raja and Hero condoms and Femicon and Femipil OCP are the lower income population. SOMA-JECT injectable and Panther condom are for the lower-mid level of the market, while Sensation nd U condoms, Minicon (progesterone only pill) and Nordette-28 oral pills are positioned at the slightly upper mid segment of the market. ORSaline-N, Monimix and safe delivery kit are positioned for all segments of the market. Table 2 shows different SMC brands with year of launching: Table 2: SMC brands, year of launching, and its positioning in the market. Products Brand Oral Contraceptive Nordette-28 Pill Femicon Femipill Minicon SOMA-JECT Injectable Condom ORS Micro nutrition Safe Delivery Kit Raja Panther Sensation U HERO ORSaline/ORSali ne-N ORSaline Fruity Monimix Safety Kit Year of Launch 1995 1976 1983 1992 2005 006 1983 Positioning Upper and middle segment Lower segment Lower segment All segments Lower and middle segment Lower segment Middle segment Upper segment Upper segment Lower segment All segments 2003 2008 2008 Upper segments All segments All segments 1996 2008 2000 1999 Knowledge Attitude Practice and Perception (KAPP) Study on OCP shows that the Married Women of Reproductive A ge (MWRA) have a wider level of awareness of SMC brand OCP. Eight out of ten MWRA know Femicon brand while about half of the MWRAs know Nordette-28 brand. Those couples who know the brand have a very high level of quality perception regarding brand.Eighty-five percent of the MWRA who know Femicon brand mentioned that the brand is either very good or good while 92 percent of the MWRA who know Nordette-28 brand told that it is either very good or good quality OCP (RCS, 2007). Table 3 shows the quality perception on SMC brand OCP among the MWRA who know the brand: 4 Table 3: Quality Perception on SMC Brand OCP among MWRA who know the brand OCP brand of SMC Response Femicon Nordette-28 Minicon Very good 14. 8 10. 6 30. 3 Good 71. 3 81. 3 36. 9 Not so good not so 5. 4 3. 3 12. 9 bad Not good 1. 9 0. 8 1. 0 Don’t Know 6. 4 4. 1 18. 8 Number of MWRA 2045 597 287 Blue Star Social Franchising Program: Involvement of the Private Practitioners in the Public Health Priority Areas The Blu e Star Program is an all out effort to bring the private sector health service providers (both graduate and non-graduate medical practitioners) into the public health program. The program works through a network of 3600 private medical practitioners. The purpose of this program is to address the unmet need of the target population by improving quality, awareness, accessibility, and affordability of priority public health services through the private health providers.SMC provide comprehensive training, commodity supply, promotional support and supervision & monitoring to these Blue Star Providers. A Program Evaluation Study interviewed 1379 private sector health service providers – half of them were Blue Star Providers and the rest half was not affiliated with the Blue Star Franchising. The study reveals that knowledge level on contraception of Blue Star Providers is significantly higher than the non Blue Star Providers.For example, around 41% of non Blue Star providers have n o knowledge on the side effect of injectable while the rate is less than one percent for Blue Star Providers (RCS, 2006). Currently injectable contraceptive is given along with other health services through this network. Next to the OCP, injectable is the most popular temporary contraceptive method in Bangladesh. According to Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007, 7% of the eligible couples are using Injectable contraceptive compared to 2. 6% in 1991.As BDHS 2007 shows, one out of five injectable users collect their supplies from private medical sector – graduate and non-graduate medical practitioners and pharmacies, which are considered as the outlets of Blue Star Franchising Program. Social Marketing of Micronutrient Product: A New Avenue in Child Health Program SMC has launched its Micronutrition program in Bangladesh through introduction of †MoniMix† – a branded micronutrient powder for simple and convenient in-home food fortification of complementary food to address childhood Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in May 2008.Objective of the micronutrient program is to help improve nutritional status of under-five children, particularly of those with childhood IDA, to increase knowledge and awareness among parents and health service providers about the importance of micronutrient containing food and adequate dietary intake, and to promote exclusive breastfeeding and proper complementary feeding of nutrition rich foods.A KAPP study on Home Fortification of Complementary Food among the parents and caregivers of the children under 5 years found that nearly half of the respondents (47 percent) mentioned that they are aware about IDA while the rest (53 percent) admitted their complete ignorance on the issue 5 (ACNielsen, 2008). The findings of the study strongly justify the comprehensive awareness creation campaign on Micronutrition in general and IDA in particular which SMC has started. SMC Factory: Manufacturing ORS to Ensure Product SecurityIn order to ensure the security of ever increasing demand of pre-packaged ORS, SMC has established its own very modern ORS manufacturing facility in 2004. This facility has certainly released SMC from complete dependency on contract manufacturers. The annual ORS production capacity of the factory is around 200 million sachets, and the factory produced 176 million sachets of ORSaline-N in FY 2007. The SMC factory complex is situated on 5. 9 acres of land at Bhaluka on the DhakaMymensingh highway.The factory complex includes raw materials and finished goods store, production unit, quality control labs, services and administration units. Machinery and equipments of the SMC factory are of latest technology and in particular, the sachet machine is state-of-art. The Future: Journey Towards Sustainability SMC is seeking to increase its contribution to the achievement of national health objectives through significant expansion in the services it provides and the products it sells, while enhancing its organizational sustainability through increased revenues and improved management.Over the past years, SMC has steadily improved its cost recovery, which was 74 percent in 2007. Eventually, SMC endeavors to become a self-reliant social marketing company with minimum level of donor assistance. However, the products that are positioned for the lower segment – one condom, one pill and one injectable – would continue as a part of SMC’s social commitment to serve the less privileged and vulnerable groups. Reference 1.ACNielsen Bangladesh, â€Å"Knowledge, Attitude Perception and Practice (KAPP) Study on Home Fortification of Complementary Food†, 2008, Conducted for Social Marketing Company 2. ACNielsen Bangladesh, â€Å"Retail Audit Report on OCP, Condom and ORS†, April 2008 Conducted for Social Marketing Company 3. ACNielsen Bangladesh, â€Å"Use of Contraceptive Among the Poor Couple of Bangladesh†, 2008 Conducted for Social Marketing Company 4. Eve, E. Epstein, â€Å"SMC Story: The History of Social marketing Company†, 2006 written for Social Marketing Company . Institute of Public Health and Nutrition (IPHN), Government of Bangladesh, â€Å"National Strategy for Anemia Prevention and Control in Bangladesh†, 2007 6. MRC-MODE Limited â€Å"Study on Mobile Film Program†, 2007, Conducted for Social Marketing Company 7. National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ORC Macro, â€Å"Preliminary Report on Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2007†, 2007. 8. Noel Capon and Wilfried R. Vanhonacker, â€Å"The Asian Marketing Casebook†, 1999 9.Philip D. Harvey, â€Å"Let Every Child Be Wanted: How Social Marketing Is Revolutionizing Contraceptive Use Around the World†, 1999 10. Pathway â€Å"Availability and Market Penetration Study of SMC Products†, 2007, Conducted for Social Marketing Company 11. Research a nd Computing Services (RCS) Limited, â€Å"Knowledge, Attitude Perception and Practice (KAPP) Study on Oral Contraceptive Pill among the Married Women of Reproductive Age† 2007, conducted for Social Marketing Company 6

The Great Gatsby review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Great Gatsby review - Essay Example This is apparently illustrated by Nick who relocates to New York in search of a better future. At the end of the film, Gatsby exclaims to Nick that he was born penniless. Gatsby was a millionaire who was renowned in the neighbourhood, and this goes to show that success is possible for anyone as provided for by the second tenant of the American Dream. The two final tenets of the ideals of the American Dream are not well depicted in the film. Success is attained through hard work is the third principle. It is not clear to establish what Gatsby did to amass such wealth but there is an instance where Tom accuses him of bootlegging alcohol and conducting other illegal deeds. If in deed this is the reason why Gatsby was wealthy, the third principle does not apply in this case. The same can be said about the fourth tenet that asserts that success is associated with virtue. The hint of involvement in illegal practices may invalidate this tenet in the case of Gatsby and also he plans to take Daisy away from

Systems, Process & Data Modeling Research Paper

Systems, Process & Data Modeling - Research Paper Example The paper tells that the last two decades of the twentieth century proved to be the advent of the Unified Modeling Language. The UML can be narrated as â€Å"a language for specifying, visualizing and constructing the artifacts of software systems, as well as for business modeling.† On lighter note, the UML is a graphical means of depicting the design models with respect to specific environments. Use Case Modeling is a subset of Unified Modeling Language. It can be narrated as a method whereby the requirements of the stakeholders can be incorporated into the system’s design. The functional requirements of an existing or proposed system are described in detail via use case modeling techniques. The process modeling is done in the early stages of system development. User input can be altered at every stage of development in a use case that is developed as a result of the execution of the modeling technique. The subsequent development stages are all based upon the use cases that are generated in the initiation. The components of a use case model are mainly actors and use cases. An Actor is any external interaction with the system. It may be a person or an entity that exchanges data with the system. An actor may also be a user of the system though all users are not necessarily actors. A use case is a series of steps that gets initiated when an actor interacts with the system under consideration. The goal that is achieved by use case modeling is the creation of a conceptual system regarding the observable behavior of the concerned system. This conceptual model is basically aimed at representing the real world scenario within the information system. The model also supports communication between the users and the developers of the system, enables better analytical understanding of the system and proves to be a point of initiation for the designers of the system. (Wand and Weber, 2002) PERFORMING USE CASE MODELING In a use case model a use case is represen ted by an ellipse while the actors interacting with it are symbolized using a stickman symbol. The notations being used for use case modeling are illustrated in the table below: Table 1: Showing grammatical constructs for Use Case Diagram Using the notations mentioned in Table 1 above a use case model can be easily assembled. How it is developed is demonstrated by taking the example of â€Å"Registration in a University.† The points to be considered when registering in a university course may be stated as follows: Are there any pre requisite courses for the course being selected for studying? Have the pre requisite courses been completed by the student attempting the course? Is the student a fee defaulter? Has the student registered in the maximum number of courses that can be registered in a month? The use cases that deal with these queries, resolve them and proceed towards the completion of the use case model are stated as follows: Class Registration Registration for Specia l Classes Prereq Courses not completed Student Billing Student Record These use cases are depicted as ellipses with their respective names stated underneath them. The actors interacting with this specific se case model are the Student, The registration personnel, the instructor and the Bursar’s Office. These actors are depicted by the symbol of a man. Any one of the actors initiates its respective use case. For example, the class registration use case can be initiated by the student or the registration clerk. The use case would first connect with the ‘pre requisite course not completed’ use case and check whether there are any pre requisite courses that need to be completed before the ‘to-be registered course’ or not. If the response is yes then the student’s record requires to be checked whether he has completed the pre requisite

Woolworths UK Management Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Woolworths UK Management Challenges - Essay Example Woolworths is affected by some human resource-based issues plaguing the retail industry. For instance, some clients have asserted that before purchasing items in any retail store, they usually consider behaviors of the store’s employees. Woolworths has received numerous reviews about this aspect. Consumer surveys have indicated that a half of retail purchasers are happy with Woolworth’s consumer service while the other halves have asserted that their employees are rude. Consequently, the company has to work on the latter percentage. (Hammer and Champy, 1993) Marketing strategies are crucial to running any business. For companies to dwell in the retail sector today, they need to portray a clear theme in their advertisement and marketing strategies. Woolworths’ marketing manager asserts that the company’s marketing strategy is largely centered on three major categories and these are; These three themes are what make Woolworths stand out. However, other critics assert that Woolworths is severely lacking in this area. They claim that while other retail chain stores are distinct and stand out depending on specific themes; Woolworths has nothing special that makes it unique. Consequently, this is a marketing or branding issue that will affect future decisions made by Woolworths. Demand determinants are also instrumental in determining how Woolworths performs in the UK market. There are a number of things that UK consumers look for when shopping in retail chain stores and some of them include When one talks about convenience, they are referring to the ease of reach with which one can find commodities in retail stores. This is usually depicted by the manner of arrangement.

Restore or Demolish Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Restore or Demolish - Research Paper Example page 6 Money matters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page 6 Restoration is not worth the cost, time and effort †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ page 8 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ page 9 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ page 10 Abstract There is much clamor between those who restore and preserve old homes and those who would rather reconstruct the home from scratch. Pro-restoration groups claim that historical homes are irreplaceable. The other side argues that restoration is painstaking and costly. The financial help from private and non-private organizations can alleviate expenses but the assistance may sometimes come with conditions that interfere with the homeowner’s plans. Historical houses can also be a vital part of the community that restoration may not only affect the property’s owner but also the entire neighborhood. As with all restoration projects money will be an issue. However, with careful planning and decision-making, refurbishing an old home can bring the owner a lot of advantages. First, old homes are built with wood, glass and other materials that have lasted through the years. Secondly, in the event that the restored home is sold, it will be worth more than its original market value. Lastly, the historical home is a unique property that not everyone can have. Introduction A dictionary defines a house as a â€Å"(n) a building that serves as living quarters for one or a few families.† (house, n. d.) A house is more than a mass of wood, concrete and glass. From conceptualizing to putting in that last door or brick, a lot of thought is put into creating this type of personal space. Houses are made to stand the test of time and weather. Architects, construction engineers and carpenters select only the best materials for each and every home they build. Aside from the aesthetic feature, these professionals also design homes to be sturdy. At times, the house is so resilient that it even lasts longer than the family it was built for. A person’s house will always be a part of the person’s family. The structure is witness to almost every event, if not all, that has happened inside its walls. Generation after generation passes through its doors. When the time comes to leave one’s home, there is an obvious hesitation and forlornness because of the many memories the building holds. This dilemma is one of several why people decide to repair old homes. Rather than de stroy it, families opt to salvage whatever they can of the antique structure in an effort to maintain the house’s character. The appreciation for old homes does not end with just the families. States and organizations have also been supportive of this venture. Local governments have introduced measures in order to encourage the refurbishing of old homes especially those they consider historic. Private corporations have also come up with financing for the homeowners and recognition for architects who help create and remodel these structures. There are magazines and websites devoted to giving pointers and resources to people who would rather restore than demolish and build. Sometimes, the restoration of old homes is not only a choice by the owner but also of the community. Background According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Koontz and Weihrich, 2008) shelter is one of

The Prime Minister of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin is great Essay

The Prime Minister of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin is great public speaker. Russia needs him - Essay Example His speeches are interesting, focused, and witty he makes use of a number of metaphors in them. His unique body posture, tone modulations, assertiveness, conviction, openness, boldness and diplomatic strategies make him one of my favorite public speakers. The five elements involved in effective public speaking are, â€Å"who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?† (The Definition of Public Speaking). Analyzing Putin’s speeches one can identify that they combine these elements to a large extend. For Jaffe, â€Å"public speaking occurs when one person prepares and delivers a speech for a group that listens, generally without interrupting the speaker’s flow of ideas†( Jaffe, 2009, p. 1). In the case of Vladimir Putin his words are highly valued not only by the Russians but also by the international community and as such he can be regarded as an effective public speaker. Vladimir Putin’s historical speech at the Security Conference in Munich, on February 10, 2007 has captured worldwide attention. Addressing the large number of defense ministers, parliamentarians and other representatives Putin strongly criticized the United States in trying to create a "uni-polar" world. In his short but powerful speech he severely condemns the United States that has â€Å"overstepped its borders in all spheres - economic, political and humanitarian, and has imposed itself on other states† and he warns world nations that the United States’ policy would only result in disasters (Watson, 2007). Vladimir Putin’s speeches demonstrate immense optimism and he firmly believes in the potential power of the nation’s political system. While may criticize that there is no modernization in the nation, the nation was stagnating and that corruption goes unchecked in the nation, Putin has defended himself effectively by citing the concrete deeds undertaken by the government. He

Critical and Rational Analysis of Technology Change Models Essay

Critical and Rational Analysis of Technology Change Models - Essay Example Humanity only has a vague idea of the future, and anticipations and expectations change as new aspects of technology are introduced ("Technology and Change"). There are times when technology change may seem foreseeable but the way it has taken the world by surprise cannot simply be underrated. It has, indeed, created a plethora of advanced skills and expertise. Today's technological advances have it possible for individuals to explore the universe in a blink of the eye ("Technology and Change"). It created a vast and wide understanding of the world around us and instigated a deep-down comprehension of why life has to evolve in such a way that it has to shed its skin from the past and continue to live for the future. Everyday, we see technology change happen on our streets, at our homes, in school, or in the office. We always see technology change in our lives. However, in spite of its clear existence, many people cannot simply accept what type of changes technology has to offer. This is because in some ways, it happens so abruptly that they cannot instantly grasp what it has to offer or what good it can provide them. Modern technology has given humanity the chance to use highly advanced and innovative devices that makes life a bit easier, replacing obsolete and primitive devices that were in use not so long ago. These modern devices and methods all have the potential to make life easier if used properly ("Technology"). And perhaps they were. What used to be an innovative and practical change that created a life full of immediacy and modernization are now feeble and staggering, needled by wrong dispositions, crippled by self demoralization, overwhelmed with selfishness or drained of energy by war and violence, or otherwise threatened by a global phenomenon known as nuclear war. More than ever before, it has become clear that the torch of technology change will be passed to the next generation at a time sooner than we would like to think, or accept, signaling that cycles and passages relentlessly revolve even when we are not aware of it - or particularly when we are not aware of it. However underhanded and terrifying it can be, the way technology change has thrived in human history has always been and will always is a part of it. With the explicit impact of technology change, people do not have any choice but to go with the flow. Hence, they have undeniably submitted their selves to such events and blindly accepted the fact that technology is here to stay. There are various organizations existing today that promotes technological change in spite of the possible repercussions it may bring ("Technology and Systematic Change"). Even if it comes to the point of being both a sociological and technological issue, it may never be denied that it is a part of social change. One of these organizations, nsba.org, states that:Boards of education need to recognize that technology integration is as much aboutchange as it is about technology. How board members feel about change and theirattitudes about people's ability to change or not to change are crucia ("Technology andSystematic Change") Those that support technology and technological change state that in order for technology to truly serve its purpose to society, it has to be integrated and incorporated into social institutions such as educational units. This will

The Role Of Physical Education In The Universities Essay

The Role Of Physical Education In The Universities - Essay Example Life is full of expectations and it is important that physical education is provided to students so that they can be fully equipped to meet difficulties in life. Therefore physical education is important as it teaches so much more than just education. Education is limited to the classroom only while physical education is within the field or play area of a school or university. It is important that physical education is given to students so that they become stronger and their minds can open up in a very good way. Their strength would focus on building up the society within the future. Also, physical education is a must in today’s times because it puts the students ahead of those students who do not receive physical education. These students remain alert and very active on a day to day basis. They can do their work tasks in a very quick way and get rid of the problems that are within their lives. Their minds become stronger and thus they are always on alert about the environment where they live in. It is a fact that physical education takes care of the mind and the body more than just education, which is boring at times. The sports and fitness classes within universities and schools are important because they look to make the students very fit and sporty. The physical education is necessary as so much more takes place than just physical education. The students become very fit and their bodies come in proper shape. They look like active citizens of society. They start contributing more and more when they are physical educated. These sports and fitness classes bring the best within the students and make them look like good human beings.

Job Hunt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Hunt - Assignment Example The accounting functions will include assessing the compliance of the financial statements with the relevant accounting standards. The main responsibilities of the professional being appointed as the internal financial auditor of the Financial Company will encompass auditing the financial reports of the company in accordance with the relevant accounting standards. The professional will also be liable to convey or report the standard and reliability of the financial statements produced by the company over a certain period of time. The Financial Company operates nationwide in the USA as one of the largest and most successful financial consultant firms, with its headquarter located in the City of Oak Brook, Illinois. The company can also be considered as one of the most respected and recognized brands across the nation with the intensive and constant efforts of more than 3000 employees. According to the present day context, it can be identified that the organization serves around 68 thousand business and individual customers through financial consulting in terms of tax planning, portfolio designing and business planning. With due regards for your kind considerations, I would like to thank you for providing a great opportunity to me with the offer of candidature in your interview session for the job vacancy of an internal financial auditor. I certainly appreciate for taking your time out of your busy schedule and talking to me concerning the post of Internal Financial Auditor in your organization. I would like to state in this regard that it was a pleasure to talk to you and obtain unambiguous learning of the expectations which the company has from me as a professional. After thinking about your offer and my job requirements, I believe that the respective position will provide me an incredible opportunity to apply my academic

Care of the older adult notes Essay Example for Free

Care of the older adult notes Essay Many older patients are prescribed multiple drugs, take over-the-counter medications, and are often prescribed additional drugs to treat the side effects of the medications that they are already taking. The increase in the number of medications often leads to polypharmacy, which is defined as the prescription, administration, or use of more medications than are clinically indicated in a given patient. One widely used ADL tool is the Barthel Index : measure functional levels of self-care and mobility, and it rates the ability to feed and groom oneself, bathe, go to the toilet, walk (or propel a wheelchair), climb stairs, and control bowel and bladder. The original ADL tool was developed by Katz Several interventions that may help the prescriber to prevent polypharmacy include knowing all medications, by both brand and generic name, being used by the patient; identifying indications for each medication; knowing the side effect profiles of the medications; eliminating drugs with no benefit or indication; and avoiding the urge to treat a drug reaction with another drug. Patient education on the risks of polypharmacy may help the patient as well. The Mini-Cog: The screening consists of a three-item recall and a clock-drawing test. This reliable tool can assist nurses with early detection of cognitive problems. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE): measure change in cognitive impairment. It measures orientation, registration, attention and calculation, short-term recall, language, and visuospatial function. *Dementia is a permanent progressive decline in cognitive function Of the five senses—hearing, vision, smell, taste, and touch—it is the occurrence of diminishe d vision and hearing that seems to have the greatest impact on older adults. Problems with vision or hearing can have negative effects on social interaction and hence on social and psychological health. Presbyopia refers to an age-related change in vision. Presbycusis refers to age-related progressive hearing loss. Age-related macular degeneration, the deterioration of central vision, Assessing Older Adults  cognitive-testing tools such as the Mini–Mental State Exam or the Orientation–Memory–Concentration Test (OMCT).3 Both tools assess orientation  to time and place, short-term memory, and concentration. The CAM is a standardized instrument developed for clinicians to identifydelirium, an acute change in mental status from baseline, quickly and accurately. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA © Version 7.1) was developed as a quick screening tool for MCI and early Alzheimer’s dementia. It assesses the domains of attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuoconstructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation End-of-Life Care The interdisciplinary group or team (IDG/IDT): Registered nurse—coordinates the plan of care for each patient Health Promotion Healthy people 2010- preventative measures for ages 50-64 Healthcare Policy and Reform Medicare is Title XVIII of the Social Security Act; it was passed in 1965, after years of trying to provide some kind of universal health insurance. It is an insurance program for those 65 or over who have paid into the Social Security system, the railroad fund, or are diagnosed with end stage renal disease. Activity: Healthcare Policy and Reform In general, you should apply for Medicaid if your income is low and you match one of the descriptions below. Medicare is a Federal health insurance program for people 65 years or older, certain people with disabilities, and people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Medicare Medicare is an insurance program. Medical bills are paid from trust funds which those covered have paid into. It serves people over 65 primarily, whatever their income; and serves younger disabled people and dialysis patients. Patients pay part of costs through deductibles for hospital and other costs. Small monthly premiums are required for non-hospital coverage. Medicare is a federal program. It is basically the same everywhere in the United States and is run by the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, an agency of the federal government. Medicaid Medicaid is an assistance program. Medical bills are paid from federal, state and local tax funds. It serves low-income people of every age. Patients usually pay no part of costs for covered medical expenses. A small co-payment is sometimes required. Medicaid is a federal-state program. It varies from state to state. It is run by state and local governments within federal guidelines. To qualify for Medicaid, an individual must fit into a category of eligibility and meet certain financial and resource standards. Medicaid provides three types of health protection: 1) health insurance for low-income families and people with disabilities, 2) long-term care (LTC) for older Americans and persons with disabilities, and 3) supplemental coverage for low-income Medicare beneficiaries for services not covered by Medicare Living Environment Annual vaccination against influenza is recommended for all adults 65 years of age or older because more than 90% of the deaths from influenza occur in this population. Periodic boosters of tetanus vaccine, traditionally given every 10 years in the United States, are recommended for older adults by the USPSTF. The Beers List of medications to be avoided in the elderly has become a national guideline for prescribers and pharmacists in the United States (Fick etal., 2003). These medications include long-acting benzodiazepines, sedative or hypnotic agents, longacting oral hypoglycemics, analgesics, antiemetics, and gastrointestinal antispasmodics. Maintaining Functional Independence â€Å"Elderly patients with unintentional weight loss are at higher risk for infection, depression and death† U.S. Public Health Service published the report Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation. This 1980 report outlined 226 objectives for the nation to achieve over the following 10 years. Healthy People 2000, was initiated by the U.S. Public Health Service in another effort to reduce preventable death and disability for Americans. Healthy People 2010 initiative; however, the number of objectives has increased to 467, and these are distributed over 28 priority areas. Frailty is perceived as a general decline in the physical function of older adults that can increase vulnerability to illness and decline. Defining characteristics include unintentional weight loss of more than 10%  in the prior year, feelings of exhaustion, grip strength in the weakest 20% for age, walking speed in the lowest 20% for age, and low caloric expenditure.

Explication Of Seamus Heaneys Digging English Literature Essay

Explication Of Seamus Heaneys Digging English Literature Essay Seamus Heaneys Digging is free verse poem about a mans observations and reflections of his father and grandfather and his place in the family tradition. The poem is traditionally separated into nine stanzas, but from another viewpoint it can be separated into four parts: the speaker, his father, his grandfather, and then the speaker again. This separation effectively illustrates that the poem forms a circle and at the end of that circle lays self-discovery. There are various poetic devices used throughout the poem to effectively complete the circle and strengthen the theme of the poem. The title of this poem is fitting because in the poem there are three generations of diggers. The speakers father and grandfather dug up potatoes and the speaker is digging up the past. Interestingly, the word digging is repeated three times within the poem. The first stanza of the poem is about the speaker about to write something. This is illustrated by the pen in his hand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rest[ing]; snug as a gun. In line two, the words snug as a gun illustrate that the pen fits naturally in his hand. Also, in the simile snug as a gun the word snug if spelled backwards is guns. Furthermore, the comparison of the pen to a gun, at first glance, seems awkward and makes little sense. However, when taking a moment to digest the words one can start to draw connections. A gun is a device that relies on precision to hit its target, and the precision is reliant upon the operator of the gun. Similarly, the pen is in need of a good writer to target ideas to put to paper. Rather than bullets, h e shoots with words. In addition, the semicolon between rests and snug creates a short pause. The second stanza breaks from the first and begins describing things, particularly his father, outside of the room that the speaker is in. The speaker describes the sound coming from outside his window as a clean rasping sound where the words clean and rasping serve as an oxymoron to precisely describe the sound. In the second line of the stanza there is alliteration with the words spade sinks and gravelly ground. The gr- sound which is repeated has a scraping tone to it which is highly relevant to the context of the poem. The words rasping and gravelly also serve as onomatopoeia to effectively give sound to the descriptions. It isnt until line three of the stanza that the reader learns that these sounds are coming from the speakers father digging. The comma in this line creates a pause which gives the sense that digging is something his father is accustomed to doing. Also, he both literally and figuratively look[s] down upon his father. This stanza ends midsentence to create a journ ey through time, which we learn to be twenty years. Stanza three picks up midsentence, right where stanza two left off. When examining his fathers straining rump in line four, the speaker projects a condescending tone towards his father. The word straining also shows the reader that his fathers work is backbreaking labor. In line five, the phrase comes up twenty years away tells the reader that the speaker has transplanted himself twenty years in the past. The next line is very musical. The long u of the word stooping sets the tone for the rhythmic line. In the following line, the repetition of the word digging at the end of the stanza creates emphasis upon that action and reinforces the theme of the poem. The fourth stanza continues on with the musically rhythmic actions from the previous stanza, but with more detail. The first line is packed with details. The process by which his father digs is discussed step by step in great detail. During the step by step description the speaker uses alliteration, tall tops and buriedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ bright to continue the musical flow started at the end of the previous stanza. In addition, the repetitions of the words with the long u sound, such as, stooping (from the previous stanza), boot, and rooted provide reinforcement to the musical flow. In line four, the word we tells the reader that the speakers father is not alone in the potato farm, the speaker is there with his father. This also illustrates that a child in this time has close relations with his fathers work, confirming the idea that a persons livelihood will continue within the family through generations. In the next stanza, the speakers tone towards his father changes from that of the second; the speaker now finds himself in awe of his father. The exclamation By God, is evidence of this. The fifth stanza also introduces the speakers grandfather, an excellent digger himself. In stanza six, the descriptions switch from being about the speakers father to his grandfather. The first two lines serve as character development. The reader learns that the speakers grandfather was a very efficient digger and one of, if not, the best in his profession. The next line shows the admiration the young speaker has for his grandfather, Once I carried him milk in a bottle, the fact that the speaker remembers the trivial task of bringing his grandfather a drink shows the respect he has for him. The next few lines shine light on the grandfathers character. He has his mind set on the task at hand and refuses to waste time doing anything else. In stanza seven, the speaker reignites his widespread use of sound. He uses the word Nicking which sounds like the spade going into the soil. Then, he uses the word slicing which has a repeating s sound and sounds like the soil is being carved out by the end of the spade. Furthermore, he throws in the word neatly to show that the grandfather was very methodical about his work. His use of the word heaving rather than throwing or lifting describes the grandfather as being a strong person. The repetition of the word down shows that this is a repetitive motion that the grandfather endures for a long period of time. This stanza ends with a one word sentence, Digging. This places great importance on the word and the d and g sounds make it even more noticeable. The next stanza, stanza number eight, switches gears once again. This stanza switches back to being more about the speaker than his father or grandfather. The use of assonance with the words cold and mould The use of alliteration continues with squelch, slap, soggy, and curt cuts. There is also some onomatopoeia with the words squelch and slap. In line three of the stanza the words living roots is a metaphor for the memories that are still alive within the speaker. This also shows that he is getting back to his roots, that is, finding his identity and gaining appreciation for his family. At the end of this stanza the speaker has made a complete one hundred and eighty degree turn. He began by look[ing] down on his father and probably his grandfather, but now he feels unworthy and inadequate having no spade to follow men like them. The final stanza is much the same as the first. The only differences are the punctuation and the final line. The use of a period in this stanza creates an even longer pause than the semicolon used in the first stanza. The omission of the snug as a gun simile and in its place Ill dig with it shows that he no longer compares his pen to a gun, but now compares it to a spade. This shows the journey that he has made to self-discovery. He has pride in his heritage and admiration for his father and grandfather. All three uses of digging are used on his father or grandfather; it is not until the final line of the poem that the speaker digs.

Price Reaction To Merger And Acquisition Announcements Finance Essay

Price Reaction To Merger And Acquisition Announcements Finance Essay Event study of stock price reaction to merger and acquisition announcement has been concerned by experts since it started being developed. The common method to estimate the price reaction around the event is residual analysis, which means that test whether there are abnormal returns before and after announcement date. Also, residual analysis can be used as a mean to test the market efficiency. In this paper, it concentrates on the study of the effect of merger and acquisition announcement on share prices of target companies and then tests the market efficiency by analyzing the result of abnormal returns before and after announcement date, whether there is inside information influence before announcement date and whether the price reflection public information quickly after the announcement. The paper first will review the literature of development of event studies and methodology used in event studies. Then, it will illustrate the data and methodology of the event study of this paper . Last but not least, it will analysis the effect of announcement on price reaction and market efficiency according to the statistic result. Literature review An event study is a method to estimates the stock price impact of certain corporate events, such events can be dividend announcements, mergers and acquisitions. According to S.P. Kothari and J.B. Warner(2004), event studies that focus on announcement effects for a short-horizon around an event provide evidence relevant for understanding corporate policy decisions. In financial markets, event studies can be used to specify and test economic hypotheses. Besides, event studies also research on evidence of market efficiency focusing on long-horizon tests at least twelve months. The evolution of event studies started from Dolley(1933), who examined stock price reaction to stock splits, plusing several other published papers indicating that by the 1960s, which made their way into leading business economics journals(C.J. Corrado). S.P. Kothari and J.B. Warner(2004 ) reported that the total number of papers reporting event study results is 565 in five leading journals from the year 1974 to 2 000, Journal of Business(JB), Journal of Finance (JF), Journal of Financial Economics (JFE), Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (JFQA), and the Review of Financial Studies (RFS). The number of papers published per year increased in the 1980s. Among these papers, Fama(1991) paid attention to the relation of event studies to tests of market efficiency and Kothari and Warner(1997) summarized of long-horizon tests. Beyond financial economics, event studies are also researched by experts in related areas, such as accounting literature (Kothari(2001)), law and economics. As a standard method of measuring security price reaction to certain corporate events, the methodology of event studies is also concentrated by experts and developed in parallel with the event studies. Initially from event study methodology being introduced by Fama, Fisher,Jensen and Roll(1969), the basic format of methodology of event studies has not changed over time. The key focus is to measure the sample securities mean and cumulative mean abnormal return around the event(S.P. Kothari and J.B. Warner(2004)). There are two areas of changes that make the methodology more precise and sophisticated, one is the use of daily instead of monthly security return data. According to S.J. Brown and J.B. Warner(1984), as long as methodologies are based on the OLS market model and using standard parametric tests, the characteristics of daily data present few difficulties in the context of event study methodologies. For example, the non-normality of daily returns has no obvious impact on method ologies of event studies. The other is the long-horizon event study methods used to estimate abnormal returns and calibrate their statistic significance, although there are more limits in using long-horizon event study methods compared with short-horizon methods. The basic of methodology is to measure abnormal returns as residual by using some benchmark model of normal return. Specifically, there are a variety of models can be used to measure the normal rate of return, with the addition of certain variables, and then to generate abnormal return estimates. J.J. Binder(1998)reported that abnormal returns have be measured as mean-adjusted returns, market-adjusted returns, deviations from the market model, deviations from the one factor Capital Asset Pricing Model(Sharpe(1964), Lintner(1965), Black(1972)), deviations from a multifactor model like Arbitrage Pricing Theory(Ross(1976)). Stock price reaction to merger and acquisition events There are a large number of literatures representing the impact on the market value of merging firms before and after the merger and acquisition events and numerous studies have examined the impact of merger announcements on the prices of the stocks of the acquirer and target firms(M.F. Leong, B. Ward and C. Gan(1996)). Hawawini and Swary(1990) reported the stock market reaction by examining 130 acquirer banks and 123 target banks during 1980s, they found that targets banks perform better than that of acquirer banks in mergers and the share price of a target bank increased by 11.5 percent during the week of the merger announcement on average. Dodd and Asquith(1980) concluded the evidence that mergers have a favourable effect on the common stocks of the merging companies, besides, they found that acquired firms stockholders earn large positive abnormal returns from the merger and acquisition events and the acquiring firms stockholders are affected little if at all. The same results co mes from Asquith and Kim(1982)s research, which concluded that abnormal returns are positive and statistically in acquired firms significant but are not significantly different from zero. The reason why target companies performed well is established at a condition, which is that investors do not anticipate the event before the announcement period, in another words, the market is at least semi-strong. If not, the returns of the target company around merger announcement date do not reflect the complete economic impact of the event(M.F. Leong, B. Ward and C. Gan(1996)). Leong, Ward and Gan(1996) concluded that if the market doesnt reflect to an event, it can be interpreted as evidence of the irrelevancy of the event instead of an indicator of market efficiency. They also directed that market price reaction following the announcement of the merger can be affected by either the content of the information or how its relation to previous information expectations. Gopalaswamy, Acharya and M alik(2008) reported that there was an upward trend of target companies in India between the year of 2000-2007 in the cumulative average abnormal return few days before the announcement of mergers because of anticipation or leakage of information. Besides, there is sudden downfall in the CAAR for the target companies from the day after the announcement and the average abnormal return is negative and significant after two days of announcements, as a result, they concluded that the India market is semi-strong efficient. Data and methodology To analyse the stock price reaction around merger announcement date, it is necessary to choose the appropriate sample in order to represent the entire trend of the stock market in one country. In this paper, it chose 50 target companies of France that were announced during1/ 2010 to 3/2012. The more the companies are chose, the more the result is closed to normality. The announcement date is identified as the day when the target company first publishes disclosed information about the merger and this was specified as day zero in the event time. In order to be included in the event study, all target companies should be listed in France-continuous market. Besides, the sectors of selected companies are widely spread so that it can avoid the market impact on the specific sectors. According to S.P. Kothari and J.B. Warner(2004), constructing a portfolio of event firms for a number of days around the announcement can address the bias of estimated standard deviation of cumulative abnormal re turn. The information and the data of each company are obtained from the website http://banker.thomsonib.com/ta/. The data of each company are selected 100 days prior to the announcement date and 10 days after announcement date. The data obtained is daily price other than monthly price or else. OLS Market model In order to measure the magnitude of the share price variation around the announcement date, abnormal return should be calculated. According to A. Leemakdej(2009), since an abnormal return is unobserved, it is identified by taking the difference between an actual return and an expected return derived from a financial model. There are a variety of expected return model can be used in event studies to calculated the expected return of stocks. Here, the market model is selected to be used to calculate the expected return of stocks: In order to calculate the expected return of stocks around the announcement date, the event study separates the data of the sample into two sections, namely estimated periods and test periods. Estimated periods are identified as the day 100 before the announcement to the day 15 before the event. While, test periods are identified as ten days before and after the event and the event window is[-10, 10]. Speaking of event window, it is a consideration that the dissemination of company-specific information may extend over more than one day. Because the release of information of a company and the financial express reporting information may not happen simultaneously, it is unsure that whether market participants had information released by companies when they are trading. So, it is necessary to extend the day of event into multiple days(M.F. Leong, B. Ward and C. Gan(1996)). Data during the estimate period is used to estimate the expected return model by representing the return of stocks i n [-100, -15] as expected return. Rmt is the market return calculated by using the SBF120 index of France. The objective of estimate period is to calculate two parameters in the market model alpha and beta in order to estimate the expected return of the stock in event period. and are obtained by an ordinary least-squires regression of E(R) and Rm, which are used to estimate the true value of and . Besides, event period data can investigate the impact from the event and the abnormal return should be calculated in this period in order to get the cumulative abnormal return. The return of stocks can be calculated using the formula: The equation of abnormal return is: The equation of cumulative abnormal return is: The sample has chose 50 target companies, in order to avoid the specific influence of some special companies, it is necessary to calculate the average cumulative abnormal return of each day in test period. The equation of average cumulative abnormal return is: Note that by using a time-series of average excess returns, the test statistic below can take into account cross-sectional dependence in the excess returns of specific securities(S.J. Brown and J.B. Warner(1984)). Hypotheses testing The objective of this event study is to access whether there are any abnormal returns in the test period. So the null hypotheses is there is no abnormal performance while the alternative hypotheses is that abnormal return is not equal to zero. H0: ARi,t = 0 H1:ARi,t à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 The test statistic used sampling distributions and it is a random variable because abnormal returns are measured with error, which comes from two reasons, predictions about securities unconditional expected return are imprecise and individual firms realised returns at test period are affected for reasons unrelated to the event. In order to reduce this error, the estimated standard deviation of cumulative abnormal return is the portfolio of 50 target firms of 10 days before and after the announcement. M. Barakat and R. Terry(2011) concluded that OLS market model is well specified under a variety of condition, for example, non-normality of daily returns has no impact on event study methods. As the deviation of abnormal return is estimated by the sample,so the hypotheses used t-statistic: As there are two variables É‘and ÃŽÂ ²that have been used, the degrees of freedom is (n-2). The significant level is 5%. With the two-tail test, the null hypotheses should be rejected if A test statistic larger than the upper-tail critical value t0.025 provides statistical evidence that the announcement had a significant positive impact on the price. While, a test statistic less than the lower-tail critical value -t0.025 provide evidence that the announcement had a significant negative impact. Furthermore, the hypotheses can also test the market efficiency. If the market is efficient, the share price will reflect all available information and the announcement will cause the abnormal return performance. Empirical result on stock returns The event study chose two event windows to analyse the result from the empirical research. First, when the event window is [-10, 10], the estimated standard deviation of the mean abnormal return is 1.626. Putting the figure into the t-statistic test can obtain the daily critical value used to test the null hypotheses. The table below illustrated the critical values 10 days before and after the announcement. event window average CAR t-statistic -10 -0.34 -0.207671297 -9 0.10 0.061251696 -8 0.07 0.040681124 -7 0.21 0.130356535 -6 0.22 0.135745854 -5 -0.01 -0.003102476 -4 0.17 0.101805486 -3 -0.25 -0.155581646 -2 0.58 0.355347928 -1 0.63 0.386680663 0 2.73 1.679904902 1 3.81 2.342014843 2 3.83 2.356724889 3 3.69 2.266579855 4 3.25 2.000369788 5 2.99 1.838127393 6 2.75 1.694045979 7 2.77 1.70510293 8 3.24 1.991626516 9 3.40 2.093802276 10 2.93 1.800949686 As the significance level is 5% and the degrees of freedom is 48, the critical value of two-tail test is 2.01. According to the table above, the t values in day 1,2,3 and 9 are greater than critical value, which means that the abnormal return are significantly positive in the day 1,2,3 and 9 after the announcement. However, the t-values of the day before the announcement are all less than the t-value, which concludes that there is no abnormal return before announcement. So, it can infer that there is no information of announcement leaking to certain market participants, the stock price does not change and investors can not acquire abnormal returns before announcement date. If there is abnormal return before announcement, according to M.F. Leong, B. Ward and C. Gan(1996), there are two reason can be explained. First, there is insider trading. The information is leaking to some investors who then buy stocks before the announcement, as a result, the stock prices will start to react the inside information and those investors will obtain abnormal returns before the announcement. It can conclude that the market is semi-strong efficient. However, the information may not be leaked, the reason of the increase of stock prices is that public may become suspicious of merger before the announcement. So, it is impossible to monitor directly all trading motivated by the possession of inside information. No matter what happen, it can conclude that the market in France may be not semi-strong efficient because if the inside information is leaked the share prices will reflect the insider information, however, the null hypotheses should be accepted as there is no abnormal returns before the announcement. So, in these condition, the market is strong efficient and prices incorporate all information that any investor can acquire. Therefore, non-public information is not useful for certain investors make abnormal return. On the other hand, the semi-efficient form market can not be rejected. The inside information may not be leaked and investors have no anticipation that the firm they they owned would be acquired by other companies, so they have no incentives to buy a large number of shares before the announcement and the share price would not increase beyond participants expectation. According to the table above, on the announcement date, the realised value is 1.68, although the figure is much larger than that one day before announcement, it still smaller than the critical value. There are two reasons that can explain this condition. First, the market is not efficient because the share prices can not reflect the public information. This may be the result of European sovereign debt crisis, during the crisis, the bond market was influenced heavily in France, even in the stock market, investors had less confident to invest fund to financial market, so even the announcement of merger can not bring them confidence to investment. However, there is also evidence that the market is efficient. According to Mitchell Netter (1990), they reported that corporations may release information one day and the financial press may report this information on the following day, therefore, it is sometimes unclear on which day the information reaches the market. It can happen because m arket participants had the information during the market trading hours on the day is not the information that is released by corporations. So, the share price may not reflect to the announcement because investors did not receive the information if the financial market, or only a minority of investors have confidence to purchase stocks. From the table above, the t-value on day one is greater than the critical value. The null hypothesis is rejected from the first day after the announcement, so the share prices reflect the announcement start from the following day of the announcement until the third day after the announcement. However, there is an abnormal condition that the abnormal return is not equal to zero on the ninth day after the announcement, which can happen for the reason beyond the merger event. In order to clear away the influence this abnormal return, the event window can shrink to five days before and after the announcement date. event window CAR t-statistic -5 -0.01 -0.003182304 -4 0.17 0.104424975 -3 -0.25 -0.159584813 -2 0.58 0.364491149 -1 0.63 0.396630085 0 2.73 1.723129414 1 3.81 2.402275663 2 3.83 2.417364204 3 3.69 2.324899708 4 3.25 2.051839968 5 2.99 1.885423021 The table illustrates the t-value when the event window is [-5, 5]. Similarly, there is no abnormal return before the announcement. Although the t-value on the announcement date is much larger than that before the announcement, the abnormal return is still equal to zero. The share prices begin to reflect the announcement from the following day of the announcement. So, it would thus appear that the market is efficient in France. Conclusion According to the statistic result, there is no abnormal return before announcement, which concluded that no inside information was leaked before announcement date. On the day of announcement, there was still no abnormal return, this can not be explained that the market is not efficient because there may be a gap between the releasing of information and reporting of information. It can be demonstrated that the abnormal return emerged after announcement until the third day. However, this method used to test market efficiency has its weakness generated in its estimation of regression of market model. Nevertheless, the result presented that the market is efficient.

Essay --

Hirohito was born in Tokyo, Japan April 29th 1901 and die on 1989 in Tokyo. He was the ruler of Japan from 1926 until he died. He was the longest running monarch in japans history. Hirohito was born in Aoyama Palace in Tokyo and was tought at Peers’ School and at the Crown Prince’s organization. He urbanized an interest in marine biology on which he wrote more than a few books. He visited Europe in 1921 becoming the first Japanese crown prince to travel. Upon his come back he was named prince when his father died his name was he Taisho emperor retired for the reason of his mental illness. 1924 hirohito wedded the princess Nagako Kuni. Hirohito gained emperor of Japan on December 25th 1926 subsequently after the death of his father. Histime in power was designated â€Å"Bright peace† During WWII he nearly attacked all of his nearby neighbors connected his self with the Nazi Germany and launched a awful assault on the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor. Hirohito later depicted him self as a almost helpless monarch many scholars have come to believe he played an lively role in the war. After Japan surrendered in 1945 he became a figurehead with no political control. He was the eldest son of the Crown Prince Yoshihito was born on April 29Th 1901. According to custom the imperial family members were not raised by their parents. Hirohito attended schools set up for children of nobility. He received rigorous instruction in military matters along with others subjects such as math and physics. He went on a 34 man entourage traveled to Western Europe for a six month tour it was the fist time a Japanese crown prince had gone abroad. Japan hirohito became regent for his chronically ill father and assumed the emperor. September 1923 a earthquake hit t... ...vidual meetings with senior government officials to consider the process of the war and all of the milltary powers. But the ex prime minister Fumimaro konoe advised to prosper in the war. Konoe feared a communist revolution even more than defeat in war and argued about a negotiated surrender. He advised Hirohito to begin negitions to end the war. On june 22nd the leader met with his ministers saying â€Å"I desire that concrete plans to end the was in hampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts be made to implement them.† Emperor Hirohito died when going through surgery on his pancreas after having some digestive problems for several months. Doctors discovered that he had duodenal cancer. He appeared to make a full recovery but September 1988 he fainted in his palace and his health got worse he began to bleed internally. January 7 he passed away. Essay -- Hirohito was born in Tokyo, Japan April 29th 1901 and die on 1989 in Tokyo. He was the ruler of Japan from 1926 until he died. He was the longest running monarch in japans history. Hirohito was born in Aoyama Palace in Tokyo and was tought at Peers’ School and at the Crown Prince’s organization. He urbanized an interest in marine biology on which he wrote more than a few books. He visited Europe in 1921 becoming the first Japanese crown prince to travel. Upon his come back he was named prince when his father died his name was he Taisho emperor retired for the reason of his mental illness. 1924 hirohito wedded the princess Nagako Kuni. Hirohito gained emperor of Japan on December 25th 1926 subsequently after the death of his father. Histime in power was designated â€Å"Bright peace† During WWII he nearly attacked all of his nearby neighbors connected his self with the Nazi Germany and launched a awful assault on the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor. Hirohito later depicted him self as a almost helpless monarch many scholars have come to believe he played an lively role in the war. After Japan surrendered in 1945 he became a figurehead with no political control. He was the eldest son of the Crown Prince Yoshihito was born on April 29Th 1901. According to custom the imperial family members were not raised by their parents. Hirohito attended schools set up for children of nobility. He received rigorous instruction in military matters along with others subjects such as math and physics. He went on a 34 man entourage traveled to Western Europe for a six month tour it was the fist time a Japanese crown prince had gone abroad. Japan hirohito became regent for his chronically ill father and assumed the emperor. September 1923 a earthquake hit t... ...vidual meetings with senior government officials to consider the process of the war and all of the milltary powers. But the ex prime minister Fumimaro konoe advised to prosper in the war. Konoe feared a communist revolution even more than defeat in war and argued about a negotiated surrender. He advised Hirohito to begin negitions to end the war. On june 22nd the leader met with his ministers saying â€Å"I desire that concrete plans to end the was in hampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts be made to implement them.† Emperor Hirohito died when going through surgery on his pancreas after having some digestive problems for several months. Doctors discovered that he had duodenal cancer. He appeared to make a full recovery but September 1988 he fainted in his palace and his health got worse he began to bleed internally. January 7 he passed away.

Only a Girl in Boys and Girls by Alice Munro Essay -- Boys and Girls A

Only a Girl in Boys and Girls Alice Munro's short story, "Boys and Girls," explores the different roles of men and women in society through a young girl's discovery of what it means to be a girl. A close examination of the elements of a short story as they are used in "Boys and Girls" helps us to understand the meaning of the story. The story is set in the 1940s, on a fox farm outside of Jubilee, a rural area only twenty miles away from the county jail. The farm is a place that reflects the ingenuity of the narrator's father. The pens for the foxes are arranged in neat rows, inside a high guard fence like a "medieval town". The pens each contain a kennel, a wooden ramp, and dishes attached to the wire fence. The fox farm is the father's domain, a place of hard work and creativity, in which the narrator feels at home. The house itself is the mother's domain, but it is a place that the narrator shuns, as she shuns many elements of the feminine world. The contrast between the girl's concept of the farm and of the house demonstrates the conflict she experiences between her chosen position as her father's helper and her position in society as a girl. The point of view of the story is first person. The narrator is a young girl in the process of growing up, who is, at the end of the story, only eleven years old. She is a naà ¯ve narrator, being so young, and is unreliable in her view of the people around her, especially her understanding of her mother's motives. By writing the story in this way, Munro gives us a look at women's role in society through the eyes of a girl who is just finding out the effect that society's expectations have on her. The narrator is the main character of the story. As the protagonist, she is a ... ... as a girl, her role in society is different from her father's and brother's. Although limitations are placed on her, she is free to follow her own heart. This, to her, is the meaning of being "only a girl." In conclusion, the elements of this short story work together very well to demonstrate the theme of the story. The narrator's conflict between filling a masculine role and accepting a feminine one, the contrast between her mother and her father, and the setting that is divided between the mother's domain and father's domain all build the effect of the theme well. This story gives a fresh look at the question of women's role in society through the eyes of a young girl. Work Consulted: Munro, Alice. "Boys and Girls." The Norton Introduction to Literature. Eds. Carl E. Bain, Jerome Beaty and J. Paul Hunter. 6th ed. New York: Norton, 1995. 465-75.

Physics in Sports Essay -- essays research papers fc

Physics in Sports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When many people think of sports, the topic of physics doesn't always come to mind. They usually don't think about connecting athletics with academics. In reality math, science, and especially physics, tie into every aspect of sports. Sports are a commonality that brings nations together, Soccer, known as football to most of the world, is said to an unspoken language, which unties people from different lands through a passion to play a game. Athletics and sports are made by the people who play, watch, and study them. Without all of the enthusiastic participants, there would be no development, education, and intensity that we all know and love about sports. The one component that reigns over the world of sports that most people don't realize is physics, Gravity, uniform circular motion, projectile motion, and constant acceleration are a few that occur in every sport event that has ever taken place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the three articles that I chose to write about the concepts of physics are explained in each one. In every article there is the similarity that physics and technology are the reasons for the advances in the sports. In the first article it is evident by the statement, â€Å"High-tech bats have so enhanced players’ power that some leagues have taken to limiting the number of home runs a team can hit.† (Jay Greene 2,3) Even in the second article with the statement, â€Å"The higher we can get the COR, the faster the ball would shoot off from the â€Å"collision† – it would go further.† (Coefficient of Restitution 2,1) Lastly in the third article when the author stated, â€Å"Clearly, pole-vaulting is an example of a sport in which technology has been used to improve athletic performance.† (The Physics of pole-vaulting ) Without physics these technological advances could not be made. Although these technological advances do nt come without some issues attached. With the new technology of the carbon and fiberglass bats, questions can be asked like, is there a point where advancements have gone too far? If bats are continuing to be modified and made to hit the ball farther, what will happen to the game of baseball? Already some bats are being banned from leagues and players feel they have to take more safety precautions because of the potential injury from the ball speed. I really believe that the bat industry... ...hysics in sports in general, I can see new developments taking place and new terms being discovered in years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion these articles and my research of physics in sports showed me that physics is everywhere. Physics is not only used in sports but in everyday life. The ways physics can help society are endless. Physics in sports is only a small example of how understanding things like vectors, trampoline effect, and strain energy can advance a sport so much. In doing this project I really learned that physics is so much more than just equations and scientific terms. It’s a way of life, it’s a way to really improve the world and make it a better place and I appreciate physics a lot more now for that. Bibliography â€Å"High-Tech Homers.† Business Week Online. 2004. Business Week. 4/2/05 http://businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_30/b3893095_mz018.htm. â€Å"Coefficient of Restitution.† Golf Stars Online. 2001-2005 Golf Stars. 4/2/05 http://www.golfstarsonline.com/golfclubs/cor.htm. â€Å"The Physics of pole-vaulting.† Neo Vault 2003-2005 A Pole Vault Resource 4/2/05 http://www.neovault.com/articles_physics_of_pole_vaulting.asp.

Current Generational Differences in Attitudes Toward the Role of Religion in America Essay

In the United States, its citizens are categorized by their date of birth into four commonly known generations. The individuals born anytime before 1946 are considered Pre-Boomers, individuals born between 1946 and 1964 are known as Boomers, individuals born between 1965 and 1976 are known as Generation X, and last but not least is Generation Y, which are individuals born anytime after 1977. The individuals categorized in each of these generations tend to share similar values and views on things such as religion, culture and politics. These segregated differences in views are also known as generational gaps. â€Å"A generation gap is commonly perceived to refer to differences between generations that cause conflict and complicate communication, creating a gap. † (Adcox, 2012) Research shows that there are many other differences between each generation in America, however the generational differences in attitudes toward religion tend to be very apparent. During this study of the generational differences in attitudes toward religion, the research center made three statements giving Americans the option to agree or completely agree with each one. The three statements included: â€Å"Prayer is an important part of my daily life, We will all be called before God at the Judgment Day to answer for our sins, and I never doubt the existence of God. † (Pew Research Center Publications, 2007) In past years, eight out of ten Americans agreed with these three statements and the agreement of these three statements between the generations rose dramatically during the 1990’s. Then , the majority of Americans believed that religion and personal beliefs were extremely important and a vast majority belonged to a religious affiliation. However, the percentage of generational agreement has started to fall within recent years as the new generations start to come about. During the years of 1987 through 2007, The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press also conducted a study in hopes of comparing the religious attitudes of each generation. The study showed that while the majority of Americans have remained religious throughout the years in both their practices and beliefs, the percentage of Americans that expressed strong religious beliefs have dwindled down drastically since the 1990’s. Not surprisingly, the percentage of individuals who chose not to be affiliated with any one religion has increased with each new generation, showing a decrease in religious commitment. The study showed that between the years 2006 and 2007, 19% of Generation Y, 14% of Generation X, 11% of Boomers, and 5% of Pre-Boomers were either atheist, agnostic, or had no religion. There have always been and will always be differences between each generation and their views on certain hot topics, such as religion. As new generations come about, I feel that the attitude towards religion in America will continue to decrease on a level of importance as well as the level of beliefs. The newer generations will of course outlast the older generations which will then in turn outlast their beliefs regarding religion and its importance. The newer generations will instill their values of religious importance on to the next generation and slowly, I believe religion may no longer be of any importance to the majority of Americans. References: Looking at the Generation Gap: Identifying Generational Differences and Their Causes. Adcox, Susan. (2012). Retrieved on July 5, 2012, from: About. com: http://grandparents. about. com/od/grandparentingtoday/a/GenerationGap. htm Trends in Attitudes Toward Religion and Social Issues: 1987-2007. Pew Research Center Publications. (2007). Retrieved on July 5, 2012, from: Pew Research Center: Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World: http://pewresearch. org/pubs/614/religion-social-issues

Beauty vs Truth Essay

Is exceptness or looker more whole in all- distinguished(prenominal) when communicating entropy. It is my argument that saucer is more important when communicating information. dishful is defined as The quality that gives sport to the opinion or senses and is associated with such properties as harmony of formation or color, virtue of artistry, truthfulness, and originality. How does this relate to colloquy? Communicating information is more than just exchanging wrangling.Just as in the definition of the word beauty, when communicating with a genuine essence of eloquence it paints a mental enactment that gives pleasure to our minds and wakes up our senses. The way quarrel are used in the swear out of communication is what holds attention and causes an audience to receive engaged. Its the beauty in a message and the expression in the words which we tend to recall. This is not to say that truth is not important in communication but mere stating mere facts may n ot be decent to ride the point across or holding the attention of an audience. Beauty is more important in communication because it is what leads us to the truth. sometimes the truth is too ugly and mind blowing and in some instances too practically truth all at in one case can cause pain. Everyone should know the truth but using a certain diplomacy and finesse with ones words can make all the difference in how the truth is received. That is why beauty in communication is important . ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE ON received statement AND BEAUTY A story doesnt necessarily have to be true to be entertaining, or to teach a lesson.How umpteen of us as children or have even possibly told our sustain children about the tortoise and hair? ? A tortoise and a run enter a race, the hare boasting about how he is faster, and result on that pointfore win. The hare foolishly over-estimates his speed, and it ends up costing him the race. With the moral of the story be that over confidence can sometimes back fire. or the boy who cried brute? ? The story of a boy who panorama it was fun to warning signal the town of a wolf when there wasnt real one. And when he finally does see a wolf no one comes to servicing him.The lesson being that telling too many lies will cause people to apprehend believing anything you say. My point is that these stories may not necessarily be true but such tales have been told for centuries for the purpose in teaching life lessons. When listen to a story, I personally always remember the characteristics and tidbits of a story which brought the message to life. An eloquently told story, whether it is told for entertainment or simply for sharing information draws a person in to want to hear more.When youre listening to a story filled with grandness and elaborate details, its easy to contract captivated and interested. Why is being raddled in by the beauty of a message important? How many of us have tried a harvest-feast not because o f what the announcer on the commercial utter the product could do, but because we were drawn in by something appealing we saw in the commercial. o An example of this would be incubus loss commercials Its what grabs your attention enough to the truth. Another perspective.The Boy Who Called woman chaser This fable is about a down in the mouth boy who thinks its fun to alert the town of a wolf when there is none. When a wolf actually appears, no one comes to the boys aid. . suaveness added to an ordinary story is keeps interesting. . Its the initial phase of the communication process in which your senses become engage. When communicating information to be interesting to capture the audiences attention. . Once your attention has been grabbed by an interesting, story, or some form of communication, you can and so decide if what your listening to or facial expression at is worth your time..Tell all the trueness but tell it slope Success in Circuit lies likewise bright for our in firm Delight The honors superb surprise As Lightning to the Children eased With explanation kind The Truth must dazzle gradually Or every man be trick A funny TV commercial or a commercial that endorsed by your favorite actor is more considerably remembered than serious, factual ones that constantly appear. images, stories and songs much easier and adventure them far more enjoyable than just listening to words.